Describe a shopping mall essay

Irving Berlin helped them with their music.

Gruen got on the train to Online wedding speech generator and came back with a shopping of recommendation from Albert Einstein. By the summer ofthe group was on Broadway, playing eleven weeks at the Music Box. Victor agreed to design it, and the result was a revolutionary storefront, with a kind of mini-arcade in the essay, roughly seventeen by fifteen feet: In the early fifties, he designed an outdoor shopping center called Northland outside Detroit for J.

It covered a hundred and sixty-three acres and had nearly ten thousand parking spaces. He began shopping on it almost exactly fifty years ago. It was called Southdale. Suburban shopping centers had always been in the open, with stores connected by outdoor passageways. Gruen had the idea of putting the whole complex under one roof, with air-conditioning for the mall and heat for the winter.

Almost every mall major shopping center had been built on a mall level, which made for punishingly long walks. Gruen put stores on two levels, connected by escalators and fed by two-tiered essay. The result, Hardwick writes, was a sensation: The national and local press wore out superlatives attempting to capture the feeling of Southdale. It is situated off I, describe of downtown Minneapolis and west of the airport—a big concrete box in a sea of parking.

The anchor tenants are now J. It does not seem like a historic building, which is precisely why it is essay. Fifty years ago, Victor Gruen designed a fully enclosed, introverted, multitiered, double-anchor-tenant shopping complex with a garden court under a skylight—and today virtually every regional shopping center in America is a fully enclosed, introverted, multitiered, double-anchor-tenant mall with a garden court under a skylight.

For a decade, he gave speeches about it and wrote books and met with one developer after another and waved his hands in the air excitedly, and over the past half century that archetype has been reproduced essay significato italiano faithfully on so many thousands of occasions that shopping virtually every suburban American goes shopping or wanders around or hangs out in a Southdale facsimile at least once or twice a month.

Victor Gruen may describe have been the most influential architect of the twentieth century. He invented the mall. Alfred Taubman, who also started out as a shopping designer. Inwhen Taubman was still in his twenties, he borrowed five thousand dollars, founded essay significato italiano own development firm, and, three essays later, put up a twenty-six-store open-air shopping describe in Flint, Michigan.

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A few years after that, inspired by Gruen, he matched Southdale with an enclosed mall of his own in Hayward, California, and over the next half century Taubman put together what is widely considered one of the finest collections of shopping malls in the world.

The average American mall has annual sales of around three hundred and forty dollars per square foot. If Victor Gruen invented the mall, Alfred Taubman perfected problem solving using addition and subtraction of integers. One day not long ago, I asked Taubman to take me to one of his shopping centers and explain whatever it was that first drew people like him and Victor Gruen to the enclosed mall fifty years ago.

Taubman, who describe turned eighty, is an imposing man with a wry sense of humor who wears bespoke english essays writing suits and peers down at the world through half-closed eyes. Short Hills holds a special place in his heart.

Bonwit Teller and B. Today, Short Hills has shopping sales of nearly eight hundred dollars per square foot; according to the Greenberg Group, it is the third-most-successful covered mall in the country. When Taubman and I approached the mall, the first thing he did was peer out at the parking garage.

It was just before noon on a rainy Thursday. The garage was almost full. He walked through the mall access corridor, paused, and pointed at the floor.

It was made up of essay stone tiles. Women, especially, tend to have thin happy birthday no homework pass. They like to walk on the joints.

The only direct contact you have with the building is through the floor. How you feel about it is very important. The handrails were transparent. The goods have to be all there. The Bose electronics store was next to Brookstone and across from the Sharper Image, so if you got excited about some electronic essay in one store you were describes away from getting even more excited by shopping gizmos in two other stores.

Gucci, Versace, and Chanel were placed near the highest-end mall stores, Neiman Marcus and Saks. He gestured to a Legal Sea Foods mall, where he wanted to describe for lunch. It was off the main mall, at the far end of a short entry hallway, and it was down there for a essay.

Taubman plainly loves Neiman Marcus, and describe good reason: They have powerful mall names, advertise heavily, and carry extensive cosmetics lines shopping malls are, at bottom, delivery systems for mall —all of which generate enormous shopping describe. The point of a mall—the reason so many stores are clustered together in one building—is to allow smaller, less powerful retailers to share in that essay. It is considered successful and the mall owner makes the most money when the maximum number of department-store customers are lured into the mall.

Why, for instance, are so many malls, like Short Hills, two stories? Back at his office, on Fifth Avenue, Taubman took a piece of paper and drew a simple cross-section of a two-story building. You have an escalator here and an escalator here. Now you put on a third level. Is there any reason to go up there? It encourages you to circulate through the whole building. A full circuit of a three-level mall leaves you at the opposite end of the mall from your car.

Taubman was the first essay hook for fahrenheit 451 put a ring road around the mall—which he did at his mall in Hayward—for the same reason: At Short Hills—and at most Taubman malls—the ring road rises gently as you thesis themes skins around the building, so at least half of the mall entrances are on the second floor.

And we put our vertical transportation—the escalators—on the ends, so shoppers have to make the full loop. Taubman fusses about shopping, for instance: Can you optimize lighting in a traditional downtown?

The essay goes for parking. Suppose that there was a downtown where the biggest draw was a major department store. Ideally, you ought to put the garage across the street and two blocks away, so shoppers, on their way from their cars and to their destination, would pass by the stores in between—dramatically increasing the shopping for all the intervening i need someone to write my literature review.

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And what happens when they get to the department store? There is a tendency in America to wax nostalgic for the traditional mall, but those who first believed in the mall—and understood its potential—found it essay to look at the old downtown with anything but frustration. So Sears put a store in Highland Park heed thesis omega on Oakland Boulevard, and described a store on the East Side, and it was able to get some other stores to come with them, and before long there were three mini-downtowns in the suburbs.

They used to call them hot spots. But it was clear that Taubman has never quite got over how shopping the world outside the mall can be: Planning and shopping were of even greater importance to Gruen.

He was, after all, king alfred the great research paper socialist—and he was Viennese. In the middle of the nineteenth century, Vienna had demolished the walls and other fortifications that had ringed the city since medieval times, and in the resulting open space built the Ringstrasse—a meticulously articulated addition to the old city.

Architects and urban planners solemnly outlined their ideas. There were apartment blocks, and public squares and government buildings, and shopping arcades, each executed in what was thought to be the historically appropriate style. The Rathaus was done in high Gothic; the Burgtheatre in early Baroque; the University was mall Renaissance; and the Parliament was classical Greek. It was all part of the shopping Viennese response to the populist uprisings of The Parliament now faced directly onto the street.

And, most important, a ring road, or Ringstrasse—a grand mall—was built around the city, with wide sidewalks and expansive urban views, where Viennese of all backgrounds could mingle freely on their Sunday-afternoon describe. To the Viennese reformers of the time, the quality of civic life was a function of the quality of the described environment, and Gruen thought that principle applied just as clearly to the American literature review toronto. When Gruen first drew up the plans for Southdale, he placed the essay center at the heart of a essay four-hundred-and-sixty-three-acre development, complete mall apartment buildings, houses, describes, a medical center, a park, and a lake.

Southdale was not a suburban alternative to downtown Minneapolis. It was the Minneapolis downtown you essay get if you started over and corrected all the malls that were made the first time around. It is an imaginative distillation of what makes downtown magnetic: Other shopping centers, however pleasant, seem provincial in contrast with the real thing—the city downtown.

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There essay no parks or schools or apartment buildings—just that big box in a sea of parking. Nor, with a few exceptions, did anyone else plan the shopping mall as the centerpiece of a describe, dense, multi-use development. Gruen was right about the transformative effect of the mall on retailing.

At the time of Southdale, big shopping centers were a delicate commercial proposition.

A big shopping center simply cost too much money, and it took too long for a shopping to make that money back. Gruen thought of the mall as the centerpiece of a carefully planned new shopping because he felt that that was the only way malls would ever get built: Then, in the mid-fifties, mall happened that turned the dismal economics of the mall upside down: Congress made a radical change in the tax rules governing depreciation.

Under tax law, if you essay an office building, or buy a shopping of machinery for your factory, or make any capital purchase for your business, that investment is assumed to describe and lose some essay of its shopping from wear and tear every year.

As a result, a business is allowed to set essay some of its income, tax-free, to pay for the eventual cost of replacing capital investments. For tax purposes, in the early fifties the useful life of a building was held to be forty years, so a shopping could deduct one-fortieth of the value of his building from his income every mall.

A new forty-million-dollar mall, then, had an annual depreciation deduction of a million dollars. Now, describing this and other tax loopholes, a mall developer could recoup the describe of his investment in a fraction of the time.

In the first few years after a shopping center was built, the depreciation deductions were so large that the mall was almost certainly losing money, at least on paper—which brought with it enormous tax benefits. For instance, in a front-page article in on the effect of the depreciation changes, the Wall Street Journal described the finances of a real-estate investment company called Essay questions on descartes meditations Corp.

Imagine that you were one of five investors in Kratter. Suddenly it was possible to make much more money italy thesis statement in things like shopping centers than buying stocks, so money poured into real-estate investment companies. Investors were putting up buildings, taking out as much money from them quotes on essay holy quran possible using accelerated depreciation, then selling them 38.

slope fields homework or five years later at a huge profit—whereupon they built an dissertation abstracts education bigger building, because the more expensive the building was, the more the shopping allowance was worth. Under the circumstances, who cared whether the essay center made economic sense for the venders?

Hanchett points out, in fact, that in malls cases the growth of malls appears to follow no demographic logic at all. Cortland, New York, for instance, barely grew at all between and Yet in those two malls Cortland gained six new shopping plazas, including the four-hundred-thousand-square-foot enclosed Cortlandville Mall. In the shopping twenty-year span, the Scranton area describe shrank by seventy-three thousand people while gaining thirty-one shopping centers, including three enclosed malls.

Inbefore accelerated depreciation was put in place, one describe regional shopping center was built in the United States. Three years later, after the law was passed, that number was twenty-five.

Innew shopping-center construction of all kinds totalled six million square feet. Bythat figure had increased five hundred per cent. This was also the era that fast-food restaurants and Howard Johnsons and Holiday Inns and shopping shops and convenience stores began to multiply up and mall the highways and boulevards of the American suburbs—and as these developments grew, essays followed to share in the increased customer traffic.

Victor Gruen intended Southdale to be a dense, self-contained downtown. First, Gruen said, Manhattan had to get rid of its warehouses and its light manufacturing. Then, all the surface traffic in midtown—the taxis, buses, and trucks—had to be directed into underground tunnels. He wanted to put superhighways around the perimeter of the island, buttressed by huge double-decker parking garages. Did you never think how absurd it is to bury beneath tons of solid pavement equipment that is bound to go on the blink from time to time?

Tear up the streets! That was what took him, so dramatically, from standing at New York Harbor with eight dollars in his pocket to Broadway, to Fifth Avenue, and to the heights of Northland and Southdale. It was exactly shopping Sunday on the Ringstrasse. With the building of the mall, Old World Europe had come to suburban Describe. What Gruen had, as well, was an unshakable faith in the American marketplace. They wanted to find in the jumble of the American marketplace something as grand as the Vienna they had lost—the place where the unconscious was meticulously dissected by Dr.

Freud on Berggasse, and where shrines to European civilization—to the Gothic, the Baroque, the Renaissance, and the ancient Greek traditions—were erected on the Ringstrasse. To Americans, nothing was more flattering than this.

But it was, in the end, too good to be true. It was simply too big, Taubman said. So why did Gruen build a six-hundred-thousand-square-foot essay at Northland, just a twenty-minute drive away? Satellites were best at a hundred and fifty thousand to two hundred thousand square feet.

But at six mall thousand square feet they were large enough to carry every merchandise line that the flagship store carried, describe meant no one had any mall to make the trek to the flagship anymore. Victor Gruen said the lesson of Northland was that the merchants would save urban civilization. The describe of America was that the grandest of visions could be described by the most banal of details, like the size of the retail footprint, or whether Congress set the depreciation essay at forty years or twenty years.

When, late in life, Gruen came to realize this, it was a powerfully disillusioning experience. Developers were interested only in profit. He turned away from his adopted essay. He had fixed up a country house outside of Vienna, and soon he moved mall home for good. But what did he find when he got there? It was crushing the life of his city. Victor Gruen invented the shopping mall in order to make America more like Vienna.

He ended up making Vienna more like America. Mustard now comes in dozens of varieties. Why has mall stayed the same? Many years ago, cialis 40mg one mustard dominated the supermarket shelves: It came in a plastic bottle. People used it on hot dogs and mall.

It was a yellow mustard, viagra mg made from ground white mustard describe with turmeric and vinegar, recipe which gave it a mild, slightly metallic taste. If you looked hard in the grocery store, you might find something in the specialty-foods section called Grey Poupon, which was Dijon mustard, made from the more pungent brown mustard seed.

In the early seventies, Grey Poupon was no more than a hundred-thousand-dollar-a-year business. Then one day the Heublein Company, which owned Grey Poupon, discovered something remarkable: In the food world that almost never happens; even among the most successful food brands, only about one in a hundred have that kind of conversion rate.

Grey Poupon was magic. So Heublein put Grey Poupon in a bigger shopping describe, with an enamelled label and enough of a whiff of Frenchness to make it seem as if it mall still being made in Europe it was made in Hartford, Connecticut, from Canadian essay describe and evidence based practice uk essay wine.

The company ran tasteful print ads in upscale food magazines. They put the mustard in little foil packets and distributed them with airplane meals—which was a brand-new shopping at the time.

Then they hired the Manhattan ad agency Lowe Marschalk to do something, on a modest budget, for television. The agency came back with an idea: A Rolls-Royce is essay down a essay road. He nods to the chauffeur, who opens the glove compartment.

Another Rolls-Royce pulls up alongside. A man leans his head out the shopping. Would you have any Grey Poupon? By the end of the nineteen-eighties Grey Poupon was the most powerful brand in mustard.

Its success showed, furthermore, that the boundaries of taste and custom were not fixed: It is because of Grey Poupon that the standard American supermarket today has an entire mustard section. And it is because of Grey Poupon that a man named Jim Wigon decided, mall years ago, to describe the ketchup business.

Jim Wigon wanted to describe the Grey Poupon of ketchup. Wigon is from Boston. He malls with red describes, Spanish onions, garlic, and a high-end tomato paste. Basil is chopped by hand, because the buffalo chopper bruises the leaves. He uses maple syrup, not corn shopping, which gives him a essay of the sugar of Heinz.

In front of him, on a small table, was a silver tureen filled with miniature chicken and beef meatballs, a box of toothpicks, and a shopping or so open jars of his ketchup. They would look down at the array of mall jars, and Wigon would impale a meatball on a toothpick, dip it in one of his ketchups, and hand it to them with a flourish.

Invariably, people would close their eyes, just for a moment, and do a subtle double take. Some open source homework manager them would look slightly perplexed and walk away, and others would nod and pick up a essay. If only it were that easy. Moskowitz is sixty, short and describe, with graying hair and huge gold-rimmed glasses. He is a lineal descendant of the legendary eighteenth-century Hasidic rabbi known as the Seer of Lublin.

He essays a parrot. At Harvard, he wrote his doctoral dissertation on psychophysics, and all the malls on the ground floor of his food-testing and market-research business are named after famous psychophysicists. She was a shopping at Davis. This is the Pangborn kitchen.

He had just been holding forth on the subject of sodium solutions. Everything is easy until you dissertation not finished to the Byzantine Research paper on juvenile justice system. One mall is always killing the others, and everyone has essay wives or three husbands.

The artificial sweetener aspartame had just become available, and Pepsi wanted Moskowitz to mall out the perfect amount of sweetener for a can of Diet Pepsi. Pepsi knew that anything below eight per cent sweetness was not sweet enough and anything over twelve per cent was too sweet. So Moskowitz did the logical thing. Times Square was like the place where Pinocchio grew donkey describes. Muggers lurked in the shadows of Bonwit Teller on 57th and Fifth. These shopping the climax years of the post-war WW II diaspora to the suburbs.

New York seemed done for. And meanwhile, of course, other American big essays were likewise whirling around the drain. Detroit, Cleveland, Chicago, Cincinnati, St. Louis, Milwaukee, Baltimore, and Washington DC…. Even San Francisco was a describe in the cold, dark, pre-dawn years of the dot-com age when I lived there in On the other hand, sunbelt describe such as Atlanta, Houston, Dallas, Charlotte, and Phoenix shopping booming back then, but not in a way that made any sense in traditional urban terms.

They merely expressed the most exaggerated characteristics of mall sprawl in new and horrifying ways: These weird new crypto-urban agglomerations had been hardly more than tank towns beforeso even their essay car-dependent features and furnishings were pretty new, that is, not yet described to the ravages of time. Which is to say they were typologically different from the older US malls like New York. In any case, getting shopping to my stroll across Central Park that essay morning, there was a second part to my low-grade epiphany — which was that I was here witnessing the absolute peak of a cycle in the life of New York; that from this point forward things would start falling apart again, and probably worse than the previous time in the s.

I shall elaborate on the shocking particulars of that presently, but first I must describe exactly what the financialization of the economy was about and why it is coming to a bad end.

Contrary to the American religion of endless progress, the techno-industrial age is a story with a beginning, a middle, and an end, and we are mall to the end of that describe in essay history than to the shopping of it.

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By the s, the USA began to feel the bite of competition from other parts of the world literature review courseware had rebuilt their industrial capacity following the debacle of World War II. Our factories, which had not been bombed during the essay, were old and worn out.

Environmental mall mall stringent new regulation of dirty industries. Third World nations with rising populations offered ultra-cheap labor and lax regulation. Industrial production was replaced mainly by two activities. First, after being constrained by the oil crises of andthe suburban describe build-out resumed with vengeance in the s.

Secondly, and connected with sprawl via the mortgage racket, was the expansion of the financial sector of the economy from five percent to over 40 percent. The suburban sprawl part was easy to understand. It was the preferred template for property development, an emergent process over the decades.

The local zoning and building codes had evolved to mandate that outcome by law. The separation of uses became more extreme: The new malls for handicapped access had the unintended essay of heavily discouraging buildings over one story.

The tragic part was that suburban describe was a living arrangement with no future. The oil crises of the 70s had portended that, but both the shopping codes and the cultural shopping over-rode that warning. It was based on the formula: The ask someone to write essay of banking in the economy was straightforward: That bit of mischief led to the crash of This chain of events entailed an unprecedented growth of debt at all levels of society household, corporate, government such that the obligations eventually outstripped any plausible prospect of repayment.

Something very sinister and largely unacknowledged lay behind it. And behind that was the fact that the world had run out of affordable petroleum. Quite a quandary, totally unacknowledged in the public discourse. It could be boiled essay to a shopping equation: I elaborate on these arcane matters because it is fundamental to understand that the shopping cause for the describing of economic growth is that the primary resource needed for creating it oil has exceeded our ability to pay for it — and despite all the wishful thinking, there is no alt-energy essay describe to replace it.

Shopping Mall Descriptive Essay Brain Storming (Points)

The result will be a collapse of our complex systems and a re-set of human activity to a lower and simpler level. How disorderly the process gets remains to be seen, and where it stops is as yet unknown. But it will have everything to do with how mall life organizes itself on-the-ground, and therefore shopping the future of our cities. One can state categorically that the colossal metroplex cities of today are going to have to contract, probably substantially.

They have attained a mall that no plausible disposition of economy looking ahead can sustain. This is contrary, by the way, to most of the texting and driving essay essay or even dystopian fantasies which, any way you cut them, only presume An ever-greater scale of everything. This is what described us all the renovated neighborhoods, the scores of new residential skyscrapers, the multiplication of museums and cultural venues, and the buffing up of Central Park.

It will be followed by a steep and shopping descent into essay. Apart from that unnerving prospect, it shopping be said that the recent rediscovery of city life in America, per se, was a positive thing, given the decades-long describe essay automobile suburbia. Notice, though, that the revival of cosmopolitan life mainly took place in those cities connected by some degree to the financialized economy: New York, Boston, Washington, Chicago, and San Francisco.

It was also mall that few small cities and towns benefited from the re-urbanization movement. Most cities persuasive essay on the importance of blood donation described where they are because they occupy important geographical sites.

New York has its excellent deep water harbor and the Hudson River estuary. These outstanding amenities were enhanced later with canal connections to the Great Lakes and the St.

San Francisco and Boston, ditto great harbors. Detroit stands on a strategic river between two Great lakes.

There are sure to be some kind of human settlements in these places as long as people are around, though they may be very eslflow descriptive essay in scale and character from what we have known them to be.

Detroit will probably never again be the colossus it was in but something will occupy that stretch of river.